A. Graphical rules. ACTIVITY 1
Please read the following:
The ambiguity of the traces of history
Find out what happened in the past is a general problem that goes from the cosmic to the local level. To approach to obtaining answers to questions posed by the past, a careful analysis about how it is spread over time exactly where you can find it, how it should be interpreted and to what extent the information has suffered distortion during transmission.
In the case of biological past a number of difficulties arise which are contained in questions like: How is possible to reconstruct the evolutionary genealogy of life? Where are the signs of it? What are the difficulties in deciphering? The answers to these questions are a classic of the science of evolution, which have been discussed on numerous occasions. Have an impact on many areas of evolutionary biology and as our knowledge has advanced, the issue has been showing all its subtleties.
Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace, in addition to persuade us that the biota, which are a part, has changed and diversified, we also provide a mechanism to explain why this happens. This can be summarized thus: as living beings multiply and that during this process are inherited variations in attributes that affect the ability to multiply, and that this takes place in a world with finite resources, then, as environmental conditions change over time, so also must change the characteristics of the lineages of organisms. These changes will result in a non-random (adaptively) with respect to changing environmental conditions. This is called natural selection. But besides these adaptive changes that have transpired with the background of slow changes in geography and chemistry of the Earth, others wholly or partly caused by the action of chance, that by not affect the ability to multiply in the body not involved in natural selection. This type of change is called genetic drift.
The above changes are accumulated and passed to the offspring of cough agencies. This is known as descent with modification, means that although inherited agencies unchanged most of the structure of their ancestors, some small portions undergo the same changes from generation to generation and those changes accumulate. So agencies are much more similar to each other the closer is the relationship between them, that is, the closer in time is their most recent common ancestor, for the simple reason that will have elapsed less time for heritable changes accumulate. This is Darwin's explanation for the hierarchical system of similarities between organisms, which was accepted long ago. The similarities are reflected in different levels of the organization's structure, from the external anatomy to the structure of molecules involved in the inheritance, DNA and RNA [...].
Adapt. Paul Handford, "Decoding the Past", Science Today, No. 52, 1999.
• How is the text?
• How many paragraphs can consider? How do you recognize?
• What is the overall theme of the text?
• What specific question (item) raises each of the paragraphs that make it up?
• What has the writer used to link each paragraph with the previous and next?
Paragraph, then, ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... .... The reader, guided by ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...., Knows that he presented as an organized bloc, a coherent and cohesive semantic unit.
now separated into paragraphs:
1) "Cortazar" by Eduardo Galeano.
With one arm hugging us both. The arm was very long, as before, but everything else was greatly reduced, so I dreamed Helena mistrust between believing and not believing. Julio Cortázar explained that he had been resurrected thanks to a Japanese machine, which was a very good machine but was still being tested, and the machine error that left him a dwarf. July had the emotions of the living become the dead as if they were letters, and that he had wanted to come back to life because of the distress that gave him the death penalty that had given us. Furthermore, he said, being dead is one thing that bored. July said he was with feel like writing a story about it.
2) "farewell" by Eduardo Galeano.
We had nine years in the Catalan coast and we were leaving, missing two or three days to the end of exile, when the dawn beach all covered with snow. The sun lit the snow and stood at the edge of the sea, a great white fire that was to mourn the eyes. It was snowing very rare on the beach. I had never seen, and only some old villager remembered something similar, from ancient times. He looked very happy the sea, that vast licking ice cream, and the joy of the sea and the bright whiteness were my last images of Calella de la Costa. I wanted to respond to such a beautiful farewell, but I can not think of anything. Nothing to do, nothing to say. I've never been good at goodbyes.
ACTIVITY 2.
The following text has been used a number of commas instead of points (which would be mandatory score). Replacing commas by periods when the text requires. Appropriately justified.
Family and school as socializing agents
The social life learning (socialization) begins in the family, but the time is right, the child must be integrated with other groups to complete the development of his personality.
Parents are always the first teachers: they are the sons of the initial lessons, both spontaneously and intentionally.
or educate parents socialize intentionally when it is deliberately proposed, ie teach rules, impose sanctions, show his conduct as such, provide information, etc., in order to produce a change in the behavior of their children. Parents educate
spontaneously, without their intending it, his conduct is taken as a "model" for their children, they mimic the behavior of their parents, as children play "be a father or mother" as they grow they leaving to play these roles and incorporate gradually and unwittingly modes or ways of doing things from their parents (gestures, expressions, ways to resolve a situation, etc.)..
also comments, ideas or reviews expressed no intention or purpose are treated by their descendants, this type of education also called spontaneous or unintentional, is prevalent in family life and has the greatest influence on children.
spontaneously or intentionally, the family constantly transmitted habits, norms, values, knowledge, beliefs, etc., Which constitute the cultural heritage of the society to which it belongs.
When the child enters school and has experience, has developed habits, acquired knowledge and formed attitudes that enable it to varying degrees, to incorporate the new.
family influence does not stop even if the child attends school for some number of hours, so the family is the primary socializing agent in society there are other groups that socialize the children and adolescents: school, church, group of friends, club ...
The school aims to educate and make it a systematic way.
is said that the school offers a systematic teaching because it establishes objectives (what you do) select content (what is going to teach), using methods (how to teach so that they learn best, so, teachers develop programs according to a plan Study and meeting a particular schedule, but also the school education in a spontaneous, acting, teachers, professors and Students are shown, even unintentionally, as "models" for others.
point and continued to transmit to the reader ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
When you start a sentence, and after the point, you begin to write ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ..
ACTIVITY 3.
The following newspaper article is not organized into paragraphs. All sentences are separated by full stop. Structuring paragraphs. Pigeons and ministries
The overwhelming number of birds that gather in Plaza Mayor is an undeniable reality.
also an indisputable fact the need to consider carefully the consequences of the presence of such birds.
The urgency of this analysis due to conflicting claims submitted by various ministries.
The Ministry of Transport has stated that the problem of pigeons is their business.
This statement is based on the need to regulate the rules of flights of these birds in accordance with the principles of aviation.
Sources of Social Welfare Ministry said that the problem of the pigeons should be treated by the Undersecretary of Public Health. Dr. Moth
said this criterion in recent statements to the local press and foreign representatives.
the distinguished specialist argued that it is urgent to prevent contamination of water sources and suppliers, given that pigeons lack adequate health care.
The Director of Posts and Telecommunications, meanwhile, sent a petition to Congress.
In it, the engineer Torcacilla asked to pass the orbit of Posts and Telecommunications every issue raised in relation to racing pigeons.
The Municipality of our city, in turn, said that pigeons cause cleaning problems.
"Since the city clean is a task of this council, the pigeon problem concerns the municipal level," said the mayor.
Meanwhile, do not seem to be interested directly affected by the discussion.
The delegate of the Republic to the UN Paloma told this reporter: "If you seek trample our rights, we will pass over their heads. We are already accustomed to. " ACTIVITY 4
Write a family letter should comment briefly on your vocation for teaching and the status of your studies, as suggested structure:
Dear XXXX:
............... .................................................. .................................................. ....
................................................. .............................................
you enumerate what subjects I am studying this year: ........................................ .................................................. ......................................
As we always said: "............................................ ..............." admit I'm overwhelmed by all I'm living. Namely :....
..........
........................................
................................................. .........................
................................................. .................................................. ..............
...........................................
................................................. .... I've decided and I bet my future will succeed.
................................................. ..........................
• What is the value of two points in the text above?
• Why is the other sign could be replaced?
• What difference in meaning can be established between the semicolon and colon? ACTIVITY 5
Place appropriate punctuation in the blanks.
had to stay in touch with nature, let in the sky, the sea and sleep on planks viento___ on the suelo___ tattered sitting on chairs.
work like crazy in this project because we confianza____ however, the results were not what we expected.
son____ cardinal points north, south, east and west.
He jumped on the bed and gritó____ "I can not!" Dear
López_____Tengo pleased to announce that it has won first prize in our contest. Dear
amigo____Siento much not having written before but ...
ACTIVITY 6 Read carefully the following statements and notes how differences in meaning is established between the members of each of the following pairs.
1. John, the friend of Peter and his brother have organized a fundraising campaign.
2. John, the friend of Peter and his brother have organized a fundraising campaign.
3. The party is over unfortunately.
4. The party ended, unfortunately.
5. It will ask if you called John.
6. We ask, if you called John.
7. Upon arriving home early, Mary could not go to work.
8. Upon arriving home early Mary could not go to work.
9. The buyer has been distracted left his wallet.
10. The buyer, distracted, has left his wallet.
11. The freshmen who have studied long have passed the exam.
12. The first-year students who have studied hard, passed the examination.
13. Ernesto sent the message he had received by email.
14. Ernesto sent the message he had received, by mail mail.
15. Mary has come up with their work.
16. Mary, has finally gotten his job!
17. Have gone on holiday now. In August, the shop still has too much work.
18. Have been on vacation now, in August? The workshop still has too much work!
19. Raul and Ernesto are good friends for years. Volunteer at the same NGO.
20. Raul and Ernesto are good friends for years, volunteer at the same NGO.
Remember that NO can be used to separate the verb eat their supplements or between subject and predicate. ACTIVITY 7
parentheses and dashes are brands that do not involved in the overall score of the text. Defined segments including establishing a break with the syntactic structure and semantics of the textual unit to which they belong. Observe the following examples and propose others to implement what has been observed:
No chance to find the book was sold out and none of my friends had (it was a limited edition book), so that I could not quote it in my work .
No chance to find the book was sold out and none of my friends had, at least so I thought, "so I could not quote it in my work. ACTIVITY 8
The following is an ordered list of "chunks of text" in the style "puzzle." Build a coherent text linking these fragments by means of punctuation and capitalization replace relevant.
1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in 1756 in Salzburg
2. Austria
3. and died in 1791 in Vienna
4. at nine years old
5. Salzburg
6. Mozart composed his first symphonies
7. works for violin and harpsichord
8. divertimentos and serenades
9. I was twelve when he composed his first opera, Bastien und refrains
10. funny opera in the style of
11. the divine people
12. Rousseau
13. and was presented with great success in Vienna in a particular theater
14. on December 7, 1768
15. That same year
16. Emperor Joseph II commissioned the young musician a comic opera
17. in a few weeks
wrote La Finta Semplice 18. on a text by Carlo Goldoni famous poet
19.
1707 20. 1793
21. but the intrigues which has since accompanied his life mozart
22. especially by envious court musicians
23. delayed their presentation to Mozart's father's patience ran out and pulled the work
24. their next trip to Italy
25. the first between 1769 and 1771
26. and the second and third in 1771 and 1773
27. confronted the young Mozart in the genre of opera seria
28. in bologna
29. Father Martin
30. the most famous and feared authority in the field of musical tery
31. became interested in the young
32. and gave him lessons in counterpoint for several months
33. in 1770
34. philharmonic academy in the city received as a member
35. after subjecting it to scrutiny
36. rome
37. Pope Clement XIV awarded him the Order of
38. Knight of the Golden Spur
39. in recognition of his extraordinary gifts
40. Naples learned
41. Giovanni Paisiello's teacher
42. management human voices and the structure of arias
43.
becoming north 44. mozart father and son were arrested in Milan
45. where they were greeted warmly
46. after other works
47. mozart showed
48. at 25 years old
49. maturity and expertise in the field of opera seria
50. following the ideas of gluck
51. formed his own style and made a beautiful opera Idomeneo
52. so far is presented in the musical world festivities
Adapt De Zanders, brief history of opera. Housing, MAE, 1992.
Score:
rules Punctuation marks help us to understand better when we communicate as the absence of any of them can lead to very significant differences in speech.
It is important to know and how to apply.
b) The period (.)
c) The comma (,)
d) The semicolon (;)
e) The ellipsis (...)
f) The colon (:)
a) period followed, full stop and end point.
The words are organized and function related in meaning and are defined in prayer followed by point. The turning point in changing topics or sub-delimited, therefore, full stop after we begin to one paragraph and start the following must not forget to stop bleeding.
On the other hand endpoint closes the last sentence of a text.
When you abbreviate a word also used the point.
b) coma.
is used to enumerate.
Maria Agustina, Julieta and Sofia went to the club.
• We also use it to replace the coordinate conjunction when propositions. Sofia
reading, knitting and Agustina Julieta was sunbathing.
• Used before Coordinates adversative "but" and "but."
are tired, but prefer to finish the job.
• Used to lock appositions.
Mary, the youngest, ate candy.
• Used when you omit the verb.
The girls played volleyball, boys, soccer.
• Used when altering the usual order of prayer.
The doctor gave the recipe as directed.
With indications, the doctor gave the recipe. The doctor gave
, indicated by the recipe.
c) Semicolon.
is used to mark breaks between two or more ideas once they have used commas.
was the youngest of the group, the most mischievous, the well-known by all, did not go unnoticed.
d) ellipsis.
are used in the following cases:
• When indicating doubt, fear or insecurity.
Example:
The teacher brought the evidence ... I hope I did well.
• When the output is unexpected and try to surprise the reader.
Example:
prepare the bachelor party in time, we were all waiting and missed ... boyfriends.
• When you shut something because it is implied.
Example:
not all that glitters ...
• When skipping a portion of the text as a quotation. Here are three points in brackets.
Example:
"In a village in La Mancha (...) I do not remember
(...)" Cervantes Saavedra
e) The colon
words are used to enter text.
Mary said: "We'll get you later."
• They are used to advertise something.
bought the medicine: the instructions are in the prospectus.
• Used in the heading of letters and documents. In these cases is capitalized after the colon.
Dear Aunt: I am writing to
...
• Used to introduce an enumeration.
washed the dishes, plates, cutlery, glasses.
According to the RAE:
semicolon.
1. ° When members of a period consisting of more than one sentence, so that or otherwise have a coma and is separated by a comma about 6 others, for example: November came the north wind, ice and tough, seized their leaves to the tree, drawing, and rolling on the ground, and flying through thick clouds of dust. The shepherd took refuge in his house, and the farmer in his farm, the snow falling thick upon the hill and valley, erased the nuances of soil, all the rich variety of nature.
2. ° In any period of any extension will semicolon before adversative conjunctions but, but, although, etc. gratia: soldiers went out at midnight and traveled nine hours without rest, but the fatal road conditions blighted the company. When the clause is short, simply a simple comma before the conjunction, as in come, but later, I did, albeit reluctantly.
3. ° Whenever a sentence is preceded by conjunction, another prayer, in order to express the idea that has no link with the previous perfect, we must put an end to the first semicolon, as will clarify the following example: But nothing was enough to dislodge the enemy, until the assault was shortened by the way that the artillery opened, and found that one, as many as were broken in this shrine, surrendered to the mercy of the English (Solis, History of New Spain, III, 7). If after the word artillery only put an coma, prayer was observed, and so on., Would governed by the preposition to and change the meaning.
of the colon.
1. ° When you feel a general statement and then be checked and explained in other prayers, it is separated from these by means of the two points, such as: No fatal defect afflicts more pernicious than the game : he very wealthy people have been ended up in abject poverty, and even on the scaffold for it, plus the flow, man lost to shame and estimation of himself.
2. ° When one or several sentences is one that is a result or summary of the above, this must be separated with a colon, as in the example below: One who by their wealth and splendor was so applauded as envied when he went triumphantly through the gates of Constantinople, whose name was respected and feared from the capital of the Empire to the ends of the sands of Libya, died blind, poor, forgotten and begging for food from door to door: rare frightening example of the vicissitudes of fortune
3. ° The decrees and judgments, decrees and edicts put two points at the end of each reason or basis for the decision, although these are in separate paragraphs and begins with a capital letter. In certifications and memorials are also made two points before certain paragraphs with initial capital letters.
4. ° Quoting verbatim, have to put two points before the first word of the appointment, which tends to begin with capitals; v. gr.: Cicero in his Offices says to this purpose: There is nothing that degrade both the man and the envy.
5. ° also used the two points after Sir and similar expressions that are usually given first to the letters, v. gr.: Dear Sir, Please take a charge, etc.., My Friend: In response to the estimate of you, etc.
Other punctuation Parentheses
, question marks and exclamation marks.
The parentheses are used to introduce clarify or supplement information.
Example:
The tereré (herbal refreshment) is characteristic of some provinces and some neighboring countries.
Question marks and exclamation point to changes in pitch. Do not use points behind them.
Did you finish your homework?
I'm glad your work! Auxiliary Signs
quotes are used to emphasize words, to indicate quotations, to highlight the titles of articles, chapters, books or other works.
In the novel "Heartbreak Tango" by Manuel Puig, Nene wrote: "I am Nelida Fernandez de Massa, I said baby, can you remember me?"
The line is used to enter characters in a written dialogue and to distinguish the words of the interlocutor, the clarification, also uses the line back.
Example:
Sofia: - Are we going to the movies? Agustina
: - Well.
Sofia: - I hope. Agustina
: - I go out.
Example:
When they left the cinema-to six in the afternoon, went to take something and commented on the film.
The script separates that words divide a word at the end of the line when it continues.
Example:
Syrian-Lebanese.
The asterisk is a call to the foot of the page to clarify the content of a word or expression.
B. Reading comprehension.
• HG Wells, "The man who could do miracles."
Fothering, employee modest, is in the pub trying to convince a neighbor that miracles are impossible.
- A miracle, he says, is something that, through the intervention of a will, the case against the course of nature. For example, it would be a miracle that suddenly the spotlight is put upside down and the flames point down just because I send: "Candlestick, turn around!".
And behold, the spotlight is turned. (...)
Fothering, perplexed, returned to his room and finds out that, in effect, has come the power to work miracles. Small miracles, because small is their magic: a sheet of paper from rising air, which a glass changes color, which displayed a snail ... Days after consultation
half hidden a priest and gives a demonstration: the cigarette becomes vase, the vase in bowl, the bowl on blue bird. Without a doubt, these are miracles. Why not take others to be more beneficial? Therefore decide to apply the miraculous power to improve society. That night out on the street and began the great reform: cure drunkards, dry marsh, take away the wart to the vicar, correct defects of the train. As the sun rises a short while and needs to be done, the priest recalls occult miracle of Joshua, who arrested the stars to stop time and win a battle. Fothering dare not mess with the moon, which is far away, but The priest suggests something more immediate, more affordable, to stop the rotation of the planet. Fothering just made its mandate, the Earth slows, and there is a universal cataclysm: inertia things shoot out into space, collide against each other, are crowded into blobs or sprayed.
Fothering, which was launched like a rocket, reaches to exclaim: "Let the world
again as it was before the spotlight of the tavern was put upside down and I lose the ability to counteract the natural laws. Immediately
is again in the tavern, trying to convince a neighbor that miracles are impossible.
ACTIVITIES
1 .- Answer:
a) Where is the protagonist and what he is trying to do?
b) What is your concept of "miracle"?
c) What happens to the protagonist?
d) What they decide to Fothering and the priest?
e) What happens when you stop the Earth?
f) What Fothering calls when it is launched?
2 .- We can say that this story has a circular structure. Why? 3 .- Une
with arrows that turn the following items: bird
fishbowl fishbowl vase tobacco
vase
4 .- Find out who was Joshua.
5 .- Complete the blanks with the word "medium" - "medium", as appropriate.
a) Today I ate a ......................... moon only.
b) John was angry when he found ...................... dessert in refrigerator.
c) Laura was .................... asleep in English class.
d) Peter is ..................... weak math.
"Medium" gender change when it is an adjective.
"Medium" to change gender when a ........................ .
6 .- Find out which movements performed Earth.
7 .- Write an end of no more than 10 lines, from the phrase:
"Fothering, which was launched like a rocket .................. . .
• The Fable Fables are stories
traditional didactic purpose. The characters are often personified animals or concepts (eg, laziness). The period of increase of these texts was during the eighteenth century. In other cultures like China, the fables are characterized by moralizing stories that have characters representing different human activities (merchant, warrior, etc.) Living a story which can be learned concerning values.
The fox and the stork
Once upon a day when the fox was completed and invited to dinner at the Stork.
The food was simple and without much preparation. The fox only took the time to offer many clues to the stork. She apologized for her lack of provisions, saying they lived miserably.
Ratatouille put it, to serve on a plate. The stork with its beak so long, could not eat almost anything, while the fox, in a moment, it was swallowing everything.
In revenge of this deception, some time later, the stork was invited to go to dinner at his house and warned him that, as befits good friends, there would not any kind of ceremonies. At the designated time, the fox went to the place and highly commended the stork, because the food was apparently over, and smelled so delicious I did increase the good appetite of the guest. The stork, to return the invitation with the same manners that had received food served in a tall glass and narrow neck, so that only allowed the stork passed its peak to take the dish, but the fox was completely impossible to do, and proving nothing, he left in shame, with their tails between their legs and floppy ears.
fool you, this story is for you: Always expected something like: your deception will not go unanswered. Look in the mirror! (La Fontaine)
Put a key extension of the first and second episode. Make
scheme with the initial situation, complication and resolution.
What characters involved, Where and when? Then complete this idea: "These data form the ... ... ..."
adds in the third paragraph a comment. Incorporates
late in the third paragraph a sentence with a verb in Present Previous
Think: If the intention is didactic, what is the lesson that you leave us the story?
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